Fassett Elementary School in Elmira, NY
(PK-02 • Public • Regular School)
City-data.com school rating (using weighted test average as compared to other schools in New York) from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) is 5
- Address
- 309 W THURSTON ST
Elmira, NY 14901
- Telephone
- (607) 735-3900
(make sure to verify first before calling)
- City-data.com school rating
- 5
- Students
- 386
- Classroom Teachers (FTE)
- 26.0
- National School Lunch
Program (NSLP) Status - Yes, under Community Eligibility Option (CEO)
- Free lunch eligible students
- 296
- Reduced-price lunch
eligible students - 7
- School district
- ELMIRA CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT
- Charter school
- No
- Title I status
- Title I schoolwide school
- Magnet School Indicator
- No
- Shared Time Indicator
- No
- Adult education offered
- No
Ratings
This school rating compared to other nearby schools ratings:
THOMAS A EDISON HIGH SCHOOL (0.8 miles): | 43 |
COHEN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (0.8 miles): | 40 |
COHEN MIDDLE SCHOOL (0.8 miles): | 34 |
RIVERSIDE ELEMENTARY (2.4 miles): | 31 |
DIVEN SCHOOL (0.9 miles): | 24 |
ERNIE DAVIS ACADEMY (1.2 miles): | 15 |
PARLEY COBURN SCHOOL (2.4 miles): | 12 |
Fassett Elementary School: | 5 |
THOMAS K BEECHER SCHOOL (1.9 miles): | 4 |
Fassett Elementary School rating compared to average state, county and city schools ratings:
New York: | 50 |
Chemung County: | 39 |
Elmira: | 18 |
Fassett Elementary School: | 5 |
Students & Teachers
Total enrollment:
Enrollment in 2016: 386
Enrollment in 2015: 413
Enrollment in 2014: 428
Enrollment in 2013: 509
Enrollment in 2012: 402
Enrollment in 2011: 390
Enrollment in 2010: 372
Enrollment in 2009: 386
Enrollment in 2008: 384
Enrollment in 2007: 395
Enrollment in 2006: 392
Enrollment in 2005: 383
Enrollment in 2004: 393
Enrollment in 2003: 377
Enrollment in 2002: 383
Enrollment in 2001: 341
Enrollment in 2000: 407
Enrollment in 1999: 425
Enrollment in 2015: 413
Enrollment in 2014: 428
Enrollment in 2013: 509
Enrollment in 2012: 402
Enrollment in 2011: 390
Enrollment in 2010: 372
Enrollment in 2009: 386
Enrollment in 2008: 384
Enrollment in 2007: 395
Enrollment in 2006: 392
Enrollment in 2005: 383
Enrollment in 2004: 393
Enrollment in 2003: 377
Enrollment in 2002: 383
Enrollment in 2001: 341
Enrollment in 2000: 407
Enrollment in 1999: 425
Enrollment by grade, gender and race:
(Note: Details may not add to totals. School year: 2015-2016)
Grade | PK | KG | G01 | G02 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All students | 72 | 111 | 115 | 88 | 386 |
Female students | 31 | 57 | 57 | 44 | 189 |
Male students | 41 | 54 | 58 | 44 | 197 |
American Indian/Alaska Native students | - | 2 | - | - | 2 |
Hispanic students | - | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
Black students | 8 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 51 |
White students | 51 | 66 | 73 | 50 | 240 |
Two or More Races students | 13 | 23 | 27 | 23 | 86 |
Enrollment by grade:
Pre-Kindergarten enrollment: 72
Kindergarten enrollment: 111
1st grade enrollment: 115
2nd grade enrollment: 88
Kindergarten enrollment: 111
1st grade enrollment: 115
2nd grade enrollment: 88
Fassett Elementary School - Historical enrollment by grade
Enrollment by gender:
(State average from 6,131 schools)
Female enrollment: 189 (49.0%)
Fassett Elementary School: | 49.0% |
New York: | 51.1% |
Male enrollment: 197 (51.0%)
Here: | 51.0% |
State: | 47.5% |
Fassett Elementary School - Historical enrollment by gender
Enrollment by race/ethnicity:
(State average from 1,352 schools)
American Indian/Alaska Native enrollment: 2 (0.5%)
Here: | 0.5% |
State: | 0.2% |
Hispanic enrollment: 7 (1.8%)
Fassett Elementary School: | 1.8% |
New York: | 9.2% |
Black enrollment: 51 (13.2%)
Fassett Elementary School: | 13.2% |
New York: | 12.0% |
White enrollment: 240 (62.2%)
Fassett Elementary School: | 62.2% |
New York: | 55.1% |
Two or More Races enrollment: 86 (22.3%)
Here: | 22.3% |
New York: | 2.9% |
Fassett Elementary School - Historical enrollment by race/ethnicity
Lunch Program Eligibility:
(State average from 4,921 schools)
Free/reduced-price lunch eligible students: 303 (78.5%)
Here: | 78.5% |
New York: | 52.7% |
Free lunch eligible students: 296 (76.7%)
Fassett Elementary School: | 76.7% |
State: | 45.4% |
Reduced-price lunch eligible students: 7 (1.8%)
Fassett Elementary School: | 1.8% |
State: | 4.8% |
Fassett Elementary School - Lunch Program Eligibility
Average Class Size:
Show data for
Average Class Size:
- Common Branch: 21
Teachers and support:
Show data for
Classroom Teachers (FTE): 26
Number of FTE teachers in their first year of teaching: 2
Number of FTE teachers in their second year of teaching: 1
Number of FTE teachers who were absent more than 10 school days during the school years: 14
Number of FTE nurses: 1.5
Number of FTE psychologists: 0.5
Student/Teacher Ratio
Number of teachers with Master's Degree plus 30 hours or doctorate: 11
Total number of classes taught: 26
Number of full-time principals: 1
Number of full-time assistant principals: 1
Number of full-time professional staff other than teachers, principals, and asst principals: 5
Number of FTE teachers in their first year of teaching: 2
Number of FTE teachers in their second year of teaching: 1
Number of FTE teachers who were absent more than 10 school days during the school years: 14
Number of FTE nurses: 1.5
Number of FTE psychologists: 0.5
Student/Teacher Ratio
Fassett Elementary School: | 14.8 |
New York: | 14.0 |
Total number of classes taught: 26
Number of full-time principals: 1
Number of full-time assistant principals: 1
Number of full-time professional staff other than teachers, principals, and asst principals: 5
Fassett Elementary School - Teachers (FTE) and pupil/teacher ratio
School Expenditures:
Salary Expenditures for Total Personnel Funded with State and Local Funds: $1,700,329
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Teachers: 19.5 (Salary Expenditures: $1,110,406)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Instructional Aides: 21 (Salary Expenditures: $296,487)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Support Services Staff: 3.5 (Salary Expenditures: $105,218)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of School Administration Staff: 2 (Salary Expenditures: $188,217)
Salary Expenditures for Total Personnel Funded with Federal, State, and Local Funds,: $2,013,049
- Salary Expenditures for Teachers: $1,124,385
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Instructional Aides: 2.3 (Salary Expenditures: $324,794)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Support Services Staff: 3.5 (Salary Expenditures: $50,097)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of School Administration Staff: 2 (Salary Expenditures: $188,217)
Limited English Proficiency:
Show data for
Students Enrolled in LEP Programs: 2 (all female)
- Hispanic: 2
Students with disabilities:
Show data for
Students with Disabilities (IDEA): Students with intellectual disabilities; hearing impairment, including deafness; speech or language impairment; visual impairment, including blindness; serious emotional disturbance; orthopedic impairment; autism; traumatic brain injury; developmental delay; other health impairment; specific learning disability; deaf-blindness; or multiple disabilities and who, by reason thereof, receive special education and related services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) according to an Individualized Education Program, Individual Family Service Plan, or service plan. The "Students with Disabilities (IDEA)" column in the survey items always refers to students with disabilities who receive special education and related services under IDEA.
Students with Disabilities (Section 504 only): Students with a disability, who receive related aids and services solely under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The "Section 504 only" column in the survey items always refers to students with disabilities who receive related aids and services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under IDEA.
Students with Disabilities (Section 504 only): Students with a disability, who receive related aids and services solely under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The "Section 504 only" column in the survey items always refers to students with disabilities who receive related aids and services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under IDEA.
Students with disabilities served under IDEA: 49 (male: 26, female: 23)
- White: 38 (male: 19, female: 19)
- Two or More Races: 11 (male: 7, female: 4)
Retention:
Show data for
(State average from 836 schools)
A student is retained if he or she is not promoted to the next grade prior to the beginning of the following school year. Students are not considered retained if they can proceed to the next grade because they successfully completed a summer school program or for a similar reason. At the high school level, a student who has not accumulated enough credits to be classified as being in the next grade is considered retained
Total number of students retained in Kindergarten: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
Percent of Kindergarten students retained
Total number of students retained in 1st grade: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
Percent of 1st grade students retained
Total number of students retained in 2nd grade: 4 (all male)
Percent of 2nd grade students retained
- White: 2 (all female)
- Two or More Races: 2 (all male)
Percent of Kindergarten students retained
Fassett Elementary School: | 3.6% |
State: | 5.4% |
Total number of students retained in 1st grade: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- White: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
Percent of 1st grade students retained
Here: | 3.5% |
State: | 5.0% |
Total number of students retained in 2nd grade: 4 (all male)
- White: 2
- Two or More Races: 2
Percent of 2nd grade students retained
Here: | 4.5% |
New York: | 4.7% |
Statewide Student Assessments
Grades 3-8 New York State Testing Program Assessments:
Show data for
(State average from 2,400 schools)
The grades 3-8 English Language Arts (ELA) and mathematics assessments measure the higher learning standards that were adopted by the State Board of Regents in 2010, which more accurately reflect students' progress toward college and career readiness.
3rd Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 64
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 660
Students scoring at Level 1: 16%
Students scoring at Level 2: 36%
Students scoring at Level 3: 45%
Students scoring at Level 4: 3%
Math students tested with valid scores: 64
Computed mean of student Math scores: 683
Students scoring at Level 1: 11%
Students scoring at Level 2: 42%
Students scoring at Level 3: 44%
Students scoring at Level 4: 3%
4th Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 55
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 662
Students scoring at Level 1: 16%
Students scoring at Level 2: 45%
Students scoring at Level 3: 38%
Students scoring at Level 4: 0%
Math students tested with valid scores: 56
Computed mean of student Math scores: 676
Students scoring at Level 1: 16%
Students scoring at Level 2: 29%
Students scoring at Level 3: 39%
Students scoring at Level 4: 16%
Science students tested with valid scores: 54
Computed mean of student Science scores: 75
Students scoring at Level 1: 4%
Students scoring at Level 2: 24%
Students scoring at Level 3: 43%
Students scoring at Level 4: 30%
5th Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 58
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 664
Students scoring at Level 1: 24%
Students scoring at Level 2: 29%
Students scoring at Level 3: 47%
Students scoring at Level 4: 0%
Math students tested with valid scores: 58
Computed mean of student Math scores: 669
Students scoring at Level 1: 12%
Students scoring at Level 2: 36%
Students scoring at Level 3: 45%
Students scoring at Level 4: 7%
- All660
- Males658
- Females662
- Black656
- White662
ELA Mean Score (3rd Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 660
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 48% |
New York: | 55% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 16%
Students scoring at Level 2: 36%
Students scoring at Level 3: 45%
Students scoring at Level 4: 3%
- All683
- Males683
- Females682
- Black681
- White684
MATH Mean Score (3rd Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 683
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 47% |
State: | 61% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 11%
Students scoring at Level 2: 42%
Students scoring at Level 3: 44%
Students scoring at Level 4: 3%
4th Grade:
- All662
- Males658
- Females664
- Black650
- White668
- IDEA631
ELA Mean Score (4th Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 662
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 38% |
State: | 59% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 16%
Students scoring at Level 2: 45%
Students scoring at Level 3: 38%
Students scoring at Level 4: 0%
- All676
- Males679
- Females675
- Black659
- White682
- IDEA649
MATH Mean Score (4th Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 676
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 55% |
New York: | 69% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 16%
Students scoring at Level 2: 29%
Students scoring at Level 3: 39%
Students scoring at Level 4: 16%
- All75
- Males76
- Females74
- Black66
- White78
- IDEA70
SCI Mean Score (4th Grade)
Computed mean of student Science scores: 75
Science Students scoring proficient and above: | 73% |
State: | 89% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 4%
Students scoring at Level 2: 24%
Students scoring at Level 3: 43%
Students scoring at Level 4: 30%
5th Grade:
- All664
- Males663
- Females665
- White672
- IDEA635
ELA Mean Score (5th Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 664
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 47% |
New York: | 57% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 24%
Students scoring at Level 2: 29%
Students scoring at Level 3: 47%
Students scoring at Level 4: 0%
- All669
- Males672
- Females664
- White678
- IDEA629
MATH Mean Score (5th Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 669
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 52% |
New York: | 66% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 12%
Students scoring at Level 2: 36%
Students scoring at Level 3: 45%
Students scoring at Level 4: 7%
Accountability
Adequate Yearly Progress:
Show data for
(State average from 3,754 schools)
Elementary/Middle-Level Math:
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: Yes
Met the performance criterion: No
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 66
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 100%
Effective Annual Measurable Objective (EAMO): 97
Safe harbor target: 90
Elementary/Middle-Level ELA:
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: Yes
Met the performance criterion: No
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 69
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 100%
Effective Annual Measurable Objective (EAMO): 99
Safe harbor target: 79
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: Yes
Met the performance criterion: No
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 66
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 100%
Performance Index (PI): | 59 |
State: | 114 |
Safe harbor target: 90
Elementary/Middle-Level ELA:
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: Yes
Met the performance criterion: No
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 69
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 100%
Performance Index (PI): | 58 |
New York: | 113 |
Safe harbor target: 79
Health & Safety
Offenses:
(State average from 1,445 schools)
An incident refers to a specific criminal act involving one or more victims and offenders. For example, if two students are robbed without a weapon, at the same time and place, this is classified as two robbery victimizations but only one robbery without a weapon incident
A weapon is any instrument or object used with the intent to threaten, injure, or kill. This includes look-alikes if they are used to threaten others.
Physical attack or fight refers to an actual and intentional touching or striking of another person against his/her will, or the intentional causing of bodily harm to an individual. Physical attack or fight does not include rape.
A threat refers to an act where there was no physical contact between the offender and victim but the victim felt that physical harm could have occurred based on verbal or nonverbal communication by the offender. This includes nonverbal threats (e.g., brandishing a weapon), and verbal threats of physical harm which are made in person. Threats made over the telephone or threatening letters are excluded.
A weapon is any instrument or object used with the intent to threaten, injure, or kill. This includes look-alikes if they are used to threaten others.
Physical attack or fight refers to an actual and intentional touching or striking of another person against his/her will, or the intentional causing of bodily harm to an individual. Physical attack or fight does not include rape.
A threat refers to an act where there was no physical contact between the offender and victim but the victim felt that physical harm could have occurred based on verbal or nonverbal communication by the offender. This includes nonverbal threats (e.g., brandishing a weapon), and verbal threats of physical harm which are made in person. Threats made over the telephone or threatening letters are excluded.
At least one incident at this school that involved a shooting: No
Any of this school's students, faculty, or staff died as a result of a homicide committed at this school: No
Incidents of physical attack or fight without a weapon: 7
Incidents of threats of physical attack without a weapon: 1
Total incidents per 1,000 students
Any of this school's students, faculty, or staff died as a result of a homicide committed at this school: No
Incidents of physical attack or fight without a weapon: 7
Incidents of threats of physical attack without a weapon: 1
Total incidents per 1,000 students
Here: | 20.7 |
State: | 55.5 |
Referrals and Arrests:
Show data for
(State average from 410 schools)
Referral to law enforcement is an action by which a student is reported to any law enforcement agency or official, including a school police unit, for an incident that occurs on school grounds, during school-related events, or while taking school transportation, regardless of whether official action is taken. Citations, tickets, court referrals, and school-related arrests are considered referrals to law enforcement.
School-related arrest refers to an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official. All school-related arrests are considered referrals to law enforcement.
School-related arrest refers to an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official. All school-related arrests are considered referrals to law enforcement.
Students without disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official: 2 (all male)
Students without disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official per 1,000 students
Students without disabilities who received a school-related arrest: 2 (all male)
Students without disabilities who received a school-related arrest per 1,000 students
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official: 2 (all male)
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official per 1,000 students
Students with disabilities who received a school-related arrest: 2 (all male)
Students with disabilities who received a school-related arrest per 1,000 students
- Two or More Races: 2
Students without disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official per 1,000 students
Fassett Elementary School: | 5.2 |
State: | 6.5 |
Students without disabilities who received a school-related arrest: 2 (all male)
- Two or More Races: 2
Students without disabilities who received a school-related arrest per 1,000 students
Fassett Elementary School: | 5.2 |
State: | 2.0 |
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official: 2 (all male)
- Two or More Races: 2
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official per 1,000 students
School: | 5.2 |
State: | 3.4 |
Students with disabilities who received a school-related arrest: 2 (all male)
- Two or More Races: 2
Students with disabilities who received a school-related arrest per 1,000 students
Fassett Elementary School: | 5.2 |
State: | 1.5 |
Chronic Student Absenteeismt:
Show data for
(State average from 3,050 schools)
A chronically absent student is a student who is absent 15 or more school days during the school year. A student is absent if he or she is not physically on school grounds and is not participating in instruction or instruction - related activities at an approved off-grounds location for at least half the school day. Each day that a student is absent for 50 percent or more of the school day should be counted. Any day that a student is absent for less than 50 percent of the school day should not be counted. The number of absences is based on the total number of school days absent. Chronically absent students include students who are absent for any reason(e.g., illness, suspension, the need to care for a family member), regardless of whether absences are excused or unexcused.
- Hispanic4
- American Indian2
- Black22
- White88
- Multirace40
- IDEA22
Chronic Student Absenteeism
- Hispanic: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- American Indian / Alaska Native: 2 (all female)
- Black: 22 (male: 14, female: 8)
- White: 88 (male: 44, female: 44)
- Two or More Races: 40 (male: 17, female: 23)
- Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): 22 (male: 14, female: 8)
Chronic Student Absenteeism per 1,000 students
Fassett Elementary School: | 404.1 |
New York: | 179.4 |
Restraint and Seclusion:
Show data for
(State average from 355 schools)
Physical restraint refers to a personal restriction that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a student to move his or her torso, arms, legs, or head freely. The term physical restraint does not include a physical escort. Physical escort means a temporary touching or holding of the hand, wrist, arm, shoulder or back for the purpose of inducing a student who is acting out to walk to a safe location.
Total Number of Non-IDEA students subjected to physical restraint: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
Non-IDEA students subjected to physical restraint per 1,000 students
Total Number of students with disabilities (IDEA) subjected to physical restraint: 2 (all male)
Students with disabilities (IDEA) subjected to physical restraint per 1,000 students
- Black: 2 (all female)
- White: 2 (all male)
Non-IDEA students subjected to physical restraint per 1,000 students
School: | 10.4 |
New York: | 4.1 |
Total Number of students with disabilities (IDEA) subjected to physical restraint: 2 (all male)
- White: 2
Students with disabilities (IDEA) subjected to physical restraint per 1,000 students
Fassett Elementary School: | 5.2 |
State: | 18.8 |
Suspensions:
Show data for
(State average from 569 schools)
Out-of-school suspension
- For students with disabilities served under IDEA : Out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a child is temporarily removed from his/her regular school for at least half a day for disciplinary purposes to another setting (e.g., home, behavior center).Out-of-school suspensions include both removals in which no individualized family service plan(IFSP) or individualized education plan(IEP) services are provided because the removal is 10 days or less as well as removals in which the child continues to receive services according to his/her IFSP or IEP.
- For students without disabilities and students with disabilities served solely under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act : Out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a child is temporarily removed from his / her regular school for at least half a day(but less than the remainder of the school year) for disciplinary purposes to another setting(e.g., home, behavior center).Out-of-school suspensions include removals in which no educational services are provided, and removals in which educational services are provided(e.g., school-provided at home instruction or tutoring).
- Black4
- White83
- Multirace4
- IDEA12
School days missed due to out-of-school suspension
- Black: 4 (all male)
- White: 83 (male: 80, female: 3)
- Two or More Races: 4 (all male)
- Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): 12 (male: 9, female: 3)
Instances of out-of-school suspension (All preschool students): 4
Instances of out-of-school suspension per 1,000 students (All preschool students)
Fassett Elementary School: | 10.4 |
State: | 0.2 |
Instances of out-of-school suspension per 1,000 students (IDEA preschool students)
Here: | 5.2 |
State: | 0.1 |
- White: 2
Preschool children receiving more than one out-of-school suspension: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- White: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
Instances of out-of-school suspension (Students without disabilities): 12
Instances of out-of-school suspension per 1,000 students (Students without disabilities)
Fassett Elementary School: | 31.1 |
New York: | 50.9 |
- Black: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- White: 2 (all male)
- Two or More Races: 2 (all male)
Students without disabilities receiving only one out-of-school suspension: 9 (all male)
- Black: 2
- White: 5
- Two or More Races: 2
Students without disabilities receiving more than one out-of-school suspension: 4 (all male)
- White: 2
- Two or More Races: 2
Instances of out-of-school suspension (Students with disabilities): 6
Instances of out-of-school suspension per 1,000 students (Students with disabilities)
Here: | 15.5 |
State: | 29.4 |
- White: 2
- Two or More Races: 2
Students with disabilities receiving only one out-of-school suspension: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- White: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
Students with disabilities receiving more than one out-of-school suspension: 2 (all male)
- White: 2
Discuss Elmira, New York (NY) on our hugely popular New York forum.
Comments
Review, comment, or add new information about this topic: