01503 Zip Code (MA) Detailed Profile

Estimated zip code population in 2022: 3,512
Zip code population in 2010: 2,866
Zip code population in 2000: 2,380

Houses and condos: 1,515
Renter-occupied apartments: 271
March 2022 cost of living index in zip code 01503: 117.1 (more than average, U.S. average is 100)

Land area: 13.0 sq. mi.
Water area: 0.2 sq. mi.

Population density: 271 people per square mile

(very low).

Real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2022:
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2022: $6,631 (1.1%)
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2022: $6,756 (1.1%)

For population 25 years and over in 01503:

• High school or higher: 98.1%
• Bachelor's degree or higher: 54.6%
• Graduate or professional degree: 22.3%
• Unemployed: 3.5%
• Mean travel time to work (commute): 35.1 minutes

For population 15 years and over in 01503:

• Never married: 22.2%
• Now married: 59.4%
• Separated: 0.6%
• Widowed: 6.3%
• Divorced: 11.5%

• 
• • 3,20491.3%White
  • 1073.1%Asian
  • 942.7%Two or more races
  • 802.3%Hispanic or Latino
  • 230.7%Black

Urban population: 821
Rural population: 2,690

Averages for the 2020 tax year for zip code 01503, filed in 2021:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2020: $114,015 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$114,015
State:	$105,130

Salary/wage: $99,461 (reported on 80.5% of returns)

Here:	$99,461
State:	$82,951

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1062.2% for AGIs below $25k, 4048.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 7536.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 9880.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 17854.3% for AGIs $100k-200k, 84378.9% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,179 (reported on 52.1% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,179
Massachusetts:	$2,361

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 27.0% for AGIs below $25k, 45.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 92.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 61.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 118.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 567.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $7,706 (reported on 32.6% of returns)

Here:	$7,706
State:	$10,365

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 44.8% for AGIs below $25k, 117.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 176.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 200.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 530.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 2966.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$18,019 (reported on 30.5% of returns)

Here:	+$18,019
State:	+$48,178

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.9% for AGIs below $25k, 21.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 266.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 175.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 814.8% for AGIs $100k-200k, 8804.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$30,097 (reported on 15.3% of returns)

Here:	+$30,097
State:	+$20,792

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 137.8% for AGIs below $25k, 208.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 521.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 813.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 907.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 4472.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $27,465 (reported on 13.7% of returns)

01503:	$27,465
Massachusetts:	$22,790

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 85.2% for AGIs below $25k, 164.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 243.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 611.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 856.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3826.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Total itemized deductions: $31,209 (reported on 17.4% of returns)

Here:	$31,209
State:	$36,722

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 438.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 602.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 574.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1350.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 5153.3% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $7,159 (reported on 14.2% of returns)

Here:	$7,159
State:	$12,529

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 13.0% for AGIs below $25k, 54.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 226.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1445.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $9,197 (reported on 17.4% of returns)

01503:	$9,197
State:	$8,782

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 117.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 187.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 216.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 433.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1373.3% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $1,511 (reported on 4.7% of returns)

Here:	$1,511
State:	$1,909

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 27.8% for AGIs below $25k, 27.7% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2020 taxes: 91.1%

Here:	91%
State:	92%

(% for various income ranges: 88.6% for AGIs below $25k, 87.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 95.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 90.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 92.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 92.9% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2012 tax year for zip code 01503, filed in 2013:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2012: $93,341 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$93,341
State:	$81,425

Salary/wage: $79,386 (reported on 82.8% of returns)

Here:	$79,386
State:	$64,752

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 62.6% for AGIs below $25k, 70.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 70.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 73.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 78.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 63.5% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,156 (reported on 56.3% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,156
Massachusetts:	$2,136

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.9% for AGIs below $25k, 0.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 0.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $11,554 (reported on 33.1% of returns)

Here:	$11,554
State:	$9,473

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.8% for AGIs below $25k, 3.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.2% for AGIs $100k-200k, 8.1% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$5,870 (reported on 24.5% of returns)

Here:	+$5,870
State:	+$31,437

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$19,760 (reported on 16.6% of returns)

Here:	+$19,760
State:	+$20,662

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 8.7% for AGIs below $25k, 3.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 4.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 6.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 4.1% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $15,595 (reported on 14.6% of returns)

01503:	$15,595
Massachusetts:	$18,892

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.5% for AGIs below $25k, 3.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 4.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 4.1% for AGIs $100k-200k)

Total itemized deductions: $27,591 (18% of AGI, reported on 51.7% of returns)

Here:	$27,591
State:	$28,907

Here:	18.4% of AGI
State:	18.2% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 20.5% for AGIs below $25k, 15.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 16.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 19.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 17.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 11.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $2,726 (reported on 43.0% of returns)

Here:	$2,726
State:	$4,208

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.7% for AGIs below $25k, 1.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.2% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.3% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $13,686 (reported on 51.7% of returns)

01503:	$13,686
State:	$13,303

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.3% for AGIs below $25k, 5.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 7.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 8.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 8.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 6.9% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $1,567 (reported on 6.0% of returns)

Here:	$1,567
State:	$1,971

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.9% for AGIs below $25k, 0.5% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2012 taxes: 53.0%

Here:	53%
State:	56%

(% for various income ranges: 45.5% for AGIs below $25k, 46.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 57.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 57.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 59.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 66.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2004 tax year for zip code 01503, filed in 2005:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2004: $76,999 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$76,999
State:	$62,877

Salary/wage: $63,006 (reported on 83.1% of returns)

Here:	$63,006
State:	$52,969

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 125.7% for AGIs below $10k, 54.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 76.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 75.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 77.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 63.5% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,344 (reported on 70.5% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,344
Massachusetts:	$1,945

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 12.8% for AGIs below $10k, 4.3% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable dividends: $3,440 (reported on 38.0% of returns)

Here:	$3,440
State:	$5,323

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.8% for AGIs below $10k, 4.0% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Net capital gain/loss: +$7,246 (reported on 31.6% of returns)

Here:	+$7,246
State:	+$20,377

(% of AGI for various income ranges: -2.6% for AGIs below $10k, -1.3% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 4.4% for AGIs over 100k)

Profit/loss from business: +$18,779 (reported on 19.6% of returns)

Here:	+$18,779
State:	+$17,837

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 8.4% for AGIs below $10k, 7.3% for AGIs $10k-25k, 7.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 5.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 7.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 3.6% for AGIs over 100k)

Profit/loss from farming: +$143 (reported on 1.0% of returns)

Here:	+$143
State:	-$2,642

IRA payment deduction: $3,603 (reported on 4.7% of returns)

01503:	$3,603
Massachusetts:	$3,100

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.1% for AGIs over 100k)

Self-employed pension: $13,444 (reported on 2.0% of returns)

Here:	$13,444
Massachusetts:	$14,516

Total itemized deductions: $23,001 (18% of AGI, reported on 50.1% of returns)

Here:	$23,001
State:	$22,573

Here:	18.1% of AGI
State:	19.5% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 21.5% for AGIs below $10k, 18.9% for AGIs $10k-25k, 12.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 17.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 21.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 13.3% for AGIs over 100k)

Charity contributions deductions: $2,760 (2% of AGI, reported on 46.0% of returns)

Here:	$2,760
State:	$3,295

Here:	2.1% of AGI
State:	2.7% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.3% for AGIs below $10k, 1.2% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Total tax: $12,724 (reported on 84.9% of returns)

01503:	$12,724
State:	$11,494

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.9% for AGIs below $10k, 5.9% for AGIs $10k-25k, 8.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 9.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 10.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 17.0% for AGIs over 100k)

Earned income credit: $1,453 (reported on 4.0% of returns)

Here:	$1,453
State:	$1,518

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2004 taxes: 56.8%

Here:	57%
State:	58%

(% for various income ranges: 49.1% for AGIs below $10k, 57.5% for AGIs $10k-25k, 54.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 64.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 54.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 59.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Nearest zip codes: 01510, 01532, 01740, 01561, 01505, 01749.
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)

• Lesbian couples: 0.0% of all households
• Gay men: 0.8% of all households

Household received Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 101
Household did not receive Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 1,337

Women who had a birth in the past 12 months: 30 (31 now married, 0 unmarried)
Women who did not have a birth in the past 12 months: 622 (282 now married, 337 unmarried)

Housing units in zip code 01503 with a mortgage: 623 (76 second mortgage, 41 both second mortgage and home equity loan)
Median monthly owner costs for units with a mortgage: $2,928
Median monthly owner costs for units without a mortgage: $1,060

Residents with income below the poverty level in 2022:
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2022:

• Zip code 01503 household income distribution in 2022

• 136Less than $10,000
• 25$15,000 to $19,999
• 36$20,000 to $24,999
• 10$25,000 to $29,999
• 17$30,000 to $34,999
• 29$35,000 to $39,999
• 20$40,000 to $44,999
• 65$45,000 to $49,999
• 52$50,000 to $59,999
• 56$60,000 to $74,999
• 134$75,000 to $99,999
• 194$100,000 to $124,999
• 131$125,000 to $149,999
• 227$150,000 to $199,999
• 324$200,000 or more

• Estimate of home value of owner-occupied houses/condos in 2022 in zip code 01503

• 24$125,000 to $149,999
• 7$175,000 to $199,999
• 31$200,000 to $249,999
• 105$300,000 to $399,999
• 248$400,000 to $499,999
• 432$500,000 to $749,999
• 239$750,000 to $999,999
• 83$1,000,000 to $1,499,999
• 24$1,500,000 to $1,999,999
• 19$2,000,000 or more

• Rent paid by renters in 2022 in zip code 01503

• 12$100 to $149
• 8$150 to $199
• 19$200 to $249
• 39$500 to $549
• 11$700 to $749
• 37$800 to $899
• 8$1,250 to $1,499
• 61$1,500 to $1,999
• 19$2,000 to $2,499
• 58$2,500 to $2,999
• 8$3,000 to $3,499
• 7No cash rent

Median gross rent in 2022: $1,716.

Median price asked for vacant for-sale houses and condos in 2022: $520,644.

Estimated median house (or condo) value in 2022 for:

• White Non-Hispanic householders: $587,144
• Asian householders: $557,498
• Two or more races householders: $557,498
• Hispanic or Latino householders: $721,468

Estimated median house or condo value in 2022: $630,170 Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $470,340 - $817,799

Housing units in structures:

• One, detached: 836
• One, attached: 377
• Two: 128
• 3 or 4: 17
• 5 to 9: 7
• 10 to 19: 17
• 20 to 49: 124

Unemployment: 3.5%

• Means of transportation to work in zip code 01503

• 66.4%1,280Drove a car alone
• 5.4%105Carpooled
• 0.4%7Subway or elevated
• 1.6%30Walked
• 28.9%557Worked at home

• Travel time to work (commute) in zip code 01503

• 24Less than 5 minutes
• 1175 to 9 minutes
• 11110 to 14 minutes
• 12515 to 19 minutes
• 29120 to 24 minutes
• 9225 to 29 minutes
• 13330 to 34 minutes
• 5435 to 39 minutes
• 1940 to 44 minutes
• 21245 to 59 minutes
• 15360 to 89 minutes
• 8190 or more minutes

Percentage of zip code residents living and working in this county: 53.9%

Household type by relationship:

Households: 3,512

• Male householders: 633 (140 living alone), Female householders: 830 (226 living alone)

• 848 spouses (837 opposite-sex spouses), 107 unmarried partners, (93 opposite-sex unmarried partners), 846 children (845 natural, 5 adopted, 0 stepchildren), 70 grandchildren, 17 brothers or sisters, 58 parents, 11 foster children, 17 other relatives, 69 non-relatives

• In group quarters: 6 (-1 institutionalized population)

Size of family households: 580 2-persons, 159 3-persons, 107 4-persons, 71 5-persons, 61 6-persons

Size of nonfamily households: 365 1-person, 111 2-persons, 8 3-persons

464 married couples with children.
63 single-parent households (30 men, 33 women).

91.6% of residents of 01503 zip code speak English at home.
0.5% of residents speak Spanish at home (100% very well).
4.8% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (68% very well, 10% well, 10% not well, 12% not at all).
2.8% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (87% very well, 13% not well).
0.4% of residents speak other language at home (100% very well).

Facilities with environmental interests located in this zip code:

• BERLIN EXXON (267 CENTRAL ST in BERLIN, MA)

  STATE MASTER (MA-EPICS) - RCRAINFO-MAC300000213, HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAM
  Small Quantity Generators, between 100 kg and 1000 kg of hazardous waste/month (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  HAZARDOUS WASTE BIENNIAL REPORTER (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  Organizations: EXXONMOBIL OIL CORPORATION (CONTACT/OPERATOR) , CUMBERLAND FARMS INC (CONTACT/OPERATOR)
  Alternative names: CUMBERLAND FARMS INC, EXXON COMPANY USA, EXXON CO USA 35744, EXXON DIV OF CFI 70003, EXXON RAS 35744

• BERLIN MEMORIAL (34 SOUTH STREET in BERLIN, MA)

  (National Center for Education Statistics) - STATE ID-028005
  

• BERLIN STONE CO (332 SAWYER HILL RD in BERLIN, MA)

  (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  Business NAICS classification: CRUSHED AND BROKEN GRANITE MINING AND QUARRYING.; ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURE AND BLOCK MANUFACTURING.
  Organizations: BU & PR: MASSACHUSETTS BROKEN STONE CO (CONTACT/OWNER)
  

• KENS EXXON (CENTRAL ST RTE 62 AND 495 in BERLIN, MA)

  (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  Organizations: EXXON COMPANY (CONTACT/OWNER)
  

• ATLAS AUTO BODY (319 OLD CENTRAL ST in BERLIN, MA)

  Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators, less than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) - notification
  Organizations: RICHARD BABINEAU (CONTACT/OWNER)
  

• BENS SERVICE STATION (51 WEST ST in BERLIN, MA)

  Small Quantity Generators, between 100 kg and 1000 kg of hazardous waste/month (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) - notification
  Organizations: PHILIP ZUKATYNSKI (CONTACT/OWNER)
  

• BERLIN (BERLIN in BERLIN, MA)

  AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
  Business SIC classification: GENERAL GOVERNMENT
  

• MASSACHUSETTS BROKEN STONE COMPANY (SAWYER HILL RD in BERLIN, MA)

  AIR SYNTHETIC MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
  CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT INVENTORY (Inventory of air pollution sources)
  

Population in 1990: 2,293. Population change in the 1990s: +87 (+3.8%).

Place of birth for U.S.-born residents:

• This state: 2,395
• Northeast: 451
• Midwest: 211
• South: 59
• West: 95

71% of the 01503 zip code residents lived in the same house 5 years ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 32% lived in this county.
   Out of people who lived in different counties, 50% lived in Massachusetts.

89% of the 01503 zip code residents lived in the same house 1 year ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 22% moved from this county.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 44% moved from different county within same state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 38% moved from different state.

Private vs. public school enrollment:

Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 58
Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 38 Students in private undergraduate colleges: 9

Companies with federal contracts located in this zip code:

• COLLINS, SUZANNE (15 BOYLSTON RD in BERLIN, MA; small business)

  $5,884 with Army for Technical Assistance. Signed on 2002-05-22. Completion date: 2002-09-30.

Top industries in this zip code by the number of employees in 2005:

• Other Services (except Public Administration): Religious Organizations (10-19 employees: 1 establishment, 5-9 employees: 1 establishment)
• Construction: Site Preparation Contractors (5-9: 1, 1-4: 4)
• Construction: New Multifamily Housing Construction (except Operative Builders) (10-19: 1)
• Construction: Electrical Contractors (5-9: 1, 1-4: 4)
• Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: All Other Amusement and Recreation Industries (10-19: 1)

Detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: 7171.00


Detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: 7171.00

2002 - 2018 National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) incidents

Based on the data from the years 2002 - 2018 the average number of fires per year is 29. The highest number of reported fires - 47 took place in 2007, and the least - 11 in 2002. The data has a rising trend.
When looking into fire subcategories, the most reports belonged to: Outside Fires (38.9%), and Structure Fires (34.6%).


• Fire incident types reported to NFIRS in Zip Code 01503
• 19038.9%Outside Fires
• 16934.6%Structure Fires
• 11423.3%Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires
• 163.3%Other

See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for zip code 01503, Massachusetts

Most common first names in zip code 01503 among deceased individuals
Name	Count	Lived (average)
Mary	16	80.5 years
Robert	13	70.3 years
John	10	76.4 years
Helen	10	80.2 years
Elizabeth	9	84.1 years
Charles	9	77.5 years
Richard	9	75.0 years
James	8	76.0 years
William	8	74.8 years
Hazel	7	82.6 years

Most common last names in zip code 01503 among deceased individuals
Last name	Count	Lived (average)
Wheeler	26	77.6 years
Sawyer	8	84.6 years
Bellarosa	6	79.5 years
Peterson	6	80.8 years
Rogers	5	83.0 years
Bartlett	5	78.6 years
Smith	5	79.8 years
Burke	5	79.6 years
Wilson	5	74.6 years
Grala	4	70.5 years

Businesses in zip code 01503

• Circle K: 1
• Dunkin Donuts: 1
• MasterBrand Cabinets: 2