49306 Zip Code (Northview, MI) Detailed Profile

Estimated zip code population in 2022: 10,821
Zip code population in 2010: 9,244
Zip code population in 2000: 8,008

Houses and condos: 4,167
Renter-occupied apartments: 175
March 2022 cost of living index in zip code 49306: 86.1 (less than average, U.S. average is 100)

Land area: 19.8 sq. mi.
Water area: 0.5 sq. mi.

Population density: 546 people per square mile

(low).

Real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2022:
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2022: $3,995 (1.1%)
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2022: $3,711 (1.1%)

For population 25 years and over in 49306:

• High school or higher: 96.6%
• Bachelor's degree or higher: 47.7%
• Graduate or professional degree: 16.6%
• Unemployed: 3.7%
• Mean travel time to work (commute): 24.1 minutes

For population 15 years and over in 49306:

• Never married: 23.0%
• Now married: 64.4%
• Separated: 0.8%
• Widowed: 4.0%
• Divorced: 7.8%

• 
• • 9,56388.4%White
  • 6856.3%Hispanic or Latino
  • 3473.2%Two or more races
  • 1071.0%Black
  • 680.6%Asian
  • 360.3%American Indian
  • 110.1%Some other race

Urban population: 6,734
Rural population: 4,086

Averages for the 2020 tax year for zip code 49306, filed in 2021:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2020: $98,348 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$98,348
State:	$68,945

Salary/wage: $78,841 (reported on 78.2% of returns)

Here:	$78,841
State:	$57,142

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1015.9% for AGIs below $25k, 3438.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 6194.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 8456.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 17627.3% for AGIs $100k-200k, 65296.1% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,931 (reported on 51.6% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,931
Michigan:	$1,630

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 27.3% for AGIs below $25k, 47.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 83.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 63.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 137.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1759.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $9,144 (reported on 28.3% of returns)

Here:	$9,144
State:	$6,972

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 59.9% for AGIs below $25k, 68.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 140.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 125.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 272.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 5402.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$21,274 (reported on 25.6% of returns)

Here:	+$21,274
State:	+$20,064

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 50.8% for AGIs below $25k, 44.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 215.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 148.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 547.8% for AGIs $100k-200k, 12696.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$13,785 (reported on 16.5% of returns)

Here:	+$13,785
State:	+$11,172

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 74.0% for AGIs below $25k, 236.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 278.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 260.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 530.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 2225.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $22,515 (reported on 13.9% of returns)

49306:	$22,515
Michigan:	$19,803

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 99.7% for AGIs below $25k, 224.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 300.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 629.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 945.8% for AGIs $100k-200k, 2276.1% for AGIs over 200k)

Self-employed (Keogh) retirement plans: $31,925 (reported on 0.8% of returns)

49306:	$31,925
Michigan:	$25,132

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 709.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Total itemized deductions: $41,655 (reported on 9.7% of returns)

Here:	$41,655
State:	$34,117

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 54.5% for AGIs below $25k, 138.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 254.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 270.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 759.8% for AGIs $100k-200k, 7057.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $18,640 (reported on 8.2% of returns)

Here:	$18,640
State:	$13,548

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 32.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 41.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 41.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 258.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3214.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $8,694 (reported on 9.7% of returns)

49306:	$8,694
State:	$7,972

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.6% for AGIs below $25k, 30.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 67.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 79.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 251.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1067.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $1,624 (reported on 7.0% of returns)

Here:	$1,624
State:	$2,251

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 37.7% for AGIs below $25k, 37.9% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2020 taxes: 93.5%

Here:	94%
State:	93%

(% for various income ranges: 91.3% for AGIs below $25k, 93.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 94.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 92.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 95.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 96.1% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2012 tax year for zip code 49306, filed in 2013:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2012: $81,728 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$81,728
State:	$55,609

Salary/wage: $63,361 (reported on 83.1% of returns)

Here:	$63,361
State:	$46,782

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 69.3% for AGIs below $25k, 71.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 73.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 78.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 78.3% for AGIs $100k-200k, 46.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,532 (reported on 50.2% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,532
Michigan:	$1,491

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.4% for AGIs below $25k, 1.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $5,330 (reported on 27.1% of returns)

Here:	$5,330
State:	$6,225

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.2% for AGIs below $25k, 1.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 2.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$15,297 (reported on 21.8% of returns)

Here:	+$15,297
State:	+$9,326

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 9.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$16,766 (reported on 16.4% of returns)

Here:	+$16,766
State:	+$11,523

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 4.5% for AGIs below $25k, 4.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 4.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 3.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 4.3% for AGIs $100k-200k, 2.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $17,383 (reported on 14.0% of returns)

49306:	$17,383
Michigan:	$15,298

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 5.8% for AGIs below $25k, 4.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 4.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 3.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 3.2% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.9% for AGIs over 200k)

Self-employment retirement plans: $20,775 (reported on 0.9% of returns)

49306:	$20,775
Michigan:	$20,834

Total itemized deductions: $26,730 (17% of AGI, reported on 41.1% of returns)

Here:	$26,730
State:	$21,628

Here:	17.4% of AGI
State:	18.4% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 12.3% for AGIs below $25k, 11.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 13.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 14.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 14.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 13.1% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $6,084 (reported on 35.6% of returns)

Here:	$6,084
State:	$4,225

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.0% for AGIs below $25k, 1.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 2.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $10,364 (reported on 41.1% of returns)

49306:	$10,364
State:	$8,327

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.3% for AGIs below $25k, 4.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 4.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 5.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 6.1% for AGIs $100k-200k, 5.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $1,772 (reported on 9.6% of returns)

Here:	$1,772
State:	$2,306

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.8% for AGIs below $25k, 1.0% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2012 taxes: 54.7%

Here:	55%
State:	57%

(% for various income ranges: 48.4% for AGIs below $25k, 56.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 57.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 53.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 55.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 80.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2004 tax year for zip code 49306, filed in 2005:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2004: $64,876 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$64,876
State:	$48,204

Salary/wage: $52,887 (reported on 86.1% of returns)

Here:	$52,887
State:	$42,791

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 116.9% for AGIs below $10k, 69.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 76.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 83.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 87.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 59.3% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,985 (reported on 56.6% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,985
Michigan:	$1,725

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.1% for AGIs below $10k, 2.6% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 2.1% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable dividends: $2,847 (reported on 29.8% of returns)

Here:	$2,847
State:	$3,420

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 5.1% for AGIs below $10k, 1.6% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.7% for AGIs over 100k)

Net capital gain/loss: +$12,259 (reported on 23.2% of returns)

Here:	+$12,259
State:	+$8,532

(% of AGI for various income ranges: -3.2% for AGIs below $10k, -0.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 7.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Profit/loss from business: +$13,510 (reported on 15.4% of returns)

Here:	+$13,510
State:	+$9,547

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.0% for AGIs below $10k, 4.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 5.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 3.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 4.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 2.4% for AGIs over 100k)

IRA payment deduction: $3,141 (reported on 2.3% of returns)

49306:	$3,141
Michigan:	$2,875

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.0% for AGIs over 100k)

Self-employed pension: $17,229 (reported on 1.1% of returns)

Here:	$17,229
Michigan:	$13,826

Total itemized deductions: $20,590 (18% of AGI, reported on 44.4% of returns)

Here:	$20,590
State:	$18,509

Here:	17.7% of AGI
State:	20.7% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 14.3% for AGIs below $10k, 11.8% for AGIs $10k-25k, 14.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 16.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 17.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 12.7% for AGIs over 100k)

Charity contributions deductions: $4,675 (4% of AGI, reported on 39.9% of returns)

Here:	$4,675
State:	$3,365

Here:	3.8% of AGI
State:	3.6% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.9% for AGIs below $10k, 1.4% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 3.4% for AGIs over 100k)

Total tax: $12,321 (reported on 78.2% of returns)

49306:	$12,321
State:	$7,691

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.1% for AGIs below $10k, 4.5% for AGIs $10k-25k, 7.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 8.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 9.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 20.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Earned income credit: $1,507 (reported on 6.6% of returns)

Here:	$1,507
State:	$1,737

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2004 taxes: 53.3%

Here:	53%
State:	60%

(% for various income ranges: 43.9% for AGIs below $10k, 51.2% for AGIs $10k-25k, 55.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 57.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 50.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 64.7% for AGIs over 100k)

Nearest zip codes: 49525, 49341, 49505, 49321, 49301, 49506.
Northview Zip Code Map

No gay or lesbian households reported

Household received Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 205
Household did not receive Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 3,977

Women who had a birth in the past 12 months: 37 (29 now married, 8 unmarried)
Women who did not have a birth in the past 12 months: 1,820 (959 now married, 855 unmarried)

Housing units in zip code 49306 with a mortgage: 2,065 (181 second mortgage, 166 both second mortgage and home equity loan)
Houses without a mortgage: 53

Median monthly owner costs for units with a mortgage: $1,779
Median monthly owner costs for units without a mortgage: $668

Residents with income below the poverty level in 2022:
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2022:

• Zip code 49306 household income distribution in 2022

• 152Less than $10,000
• 60$10,000 to $14,999
• 26$15,000 to $19,999
• 110$20,000 to $24,999
• 122$25,000 to $29,999
• 81$30,000 to $34,999
• 78$35,000 to $39,999
• 176$40,000 to $44,999
• 97$45,000 to $49,999
• 291$50,000 to $59,999
• 265$60,000 to $74,999
• 560$75,000 to $99,999
• 529$100,000 to $124,999
• 416$125,000 to $149,999
• 425$150,000 to $199,999
• 796$200,000 or more

• Estimate of home value of owner-occupied houses/condos in 2022 in zip code 49306

• 59Less than $10,000
• 9$10,000 to $14,999
• 64$15,000 to $19,999
• 67$20,000 to $24,999
• 17$30,000 to $34,999
• 28$35,000 to $39,999
• 34$40,000 to $49,999
• 53$50,000 to $59,999
• 70$60,000 to $69,999
• 16$80,000 to $89,999
• 21$90,000 to $99,999
• 68$100,000 to $124,999
• 35$125,000 to $149,999
• 132$150,000 to $174,999
• 128$175,000 to $199,999
• 393$200,000 to $249,999
• 515$250,000 to $299,999
• 1,210$300,000 to $399,999
• 800$400,000 to $499,999
• 561$500,000 to $749,999
• 173$750,000 to $999,999

• Rent paid by renters in 2022 in zip code 49306

• 11$250 to $299
• 8$350 to $399
• 22$400 to $449
• 25$450 to $499
• 21$1,000 to $1,249
• 6$1,250 to $1,499
• 23$3,500 or more
• 47No cash rent

Median gross rent in 2022: $1,190.

Median price asked for vacant for-sale houses and condos in 2022: $275,048.

Estimated median house (or condo) value in 2022 for:

• White Non-Hispanic householders: $405,956
• Black or African American householders: $407,266
• Asian householders: $712,126
• Two or more races householders: $204,811
• Hispanic or Latino householders: $360,123

Estimated median house or condo value in 2022: $360,647 Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $235,406 - $484,001

Mean price in 2022:

Detached houses: $388,348

Here:	$388,348
State:	$280,038

Townhouses or other attached units: $396,774

Here:	$396,774
State:	$239,520

Mobile homes: $91,048

Here:	$91,048
State:	$72,868

Housing units in structures:

• One, detached: 3,420
• One, attached: 109
• 20 to 49: 22
• Mobile homes: 610

Unemployment: 3.7%

• Means of transportation to work in zip code 49306

• 77.8%4,459Drove a car alone
• 4.3%247Carpooled
• 0.3%17Bus or trolley bus
• 0.2%9Motorcycle
• 0.6%34Other means
• 18.0%1,033Worked at home

• Travel time to work (commute) in zip code 49306

• 18Less than 5 minutes
• 3925 to 9 minutes
• 51610 to 14 minutes
• 1,14715 to 19 minutes
• 84320 to 24 minutes
• 55625 to 29 minutes
• 67130 to 34 minutes
• 3935 to 39 minutes
• 16640 to 44 minutes
• 16745 to 59 minutes
• 11760 to 89 minutes
• 13290 or more minutes

Percentage of zip code residents living and working in this county: 92.8%

Household type by relationship:

Households: 10,821

• Male householders: 2,282 (197 living alone), Female householders: 1,921 (432 living alone)

• 2,738 spouses (2,650 opposite-sex spouses), 177 unmarried partners, (168 opposite-sex unmarried partners), 3,108 children (2,946 natural, 112 adopted, 48 stepchildren), 159 grandchildren, 9 brothers or sisters, 54 parents, 0 foster children, 46 other relatives, 312 non-relatives

• In group quarters: 21 (-1 institutionalized population)

Size of family households: 1,668 2-persons, 680 3-persons, 565 4-persons, 200 5-persons, 148 6-persons, 18 7-or-more-persons

Size of nonfamily households: 629 1-person, 220 2-persons, 57 3-persons, 4 4-persons

1,819 married couples with children.
489 single-parent households (85 men, 404 women).

95.5% of residents of 49306 zip code speak English at home.
3.6% of residents speak Spanish at home (58% very well, 13% well, 6% not well, 23% not at all).
0.4% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (100% very well).
0.3% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (69% very well, 31% well).
0.3% of residents speak other language at home (100% very well).

Facilities with environmental interests located in this zip code:

• BELMONT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (6097 BELMONT AVENUE NE in BELMONT, MI)

  (National Center for Education Statistics) - STATE ID-00269
  Organizations: ROCKFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS (SCHOOL DISTRICT)
  

• CHANDLER WOODS CHARTER ACADEMY (6895 SAMRICK AVENUE PVT. in BELMONT, MI)

  (National Center for Education Statistics) - STATE ID-08719
  

• FILTER AND COATING TECHNOLOGY INC (5706 W RIVER DR in BELMONT, MI)

  Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators, less than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  Organizations: BILLMEIER STEVE (CONTACT/OWNER)
  

Housing units lacking complete plumbing facilities: 0.3%
Housing units lacking complete kitchen facilities: 0.9%

Population in 1990: 6,782. Population change in the 1990s: +1,226 (+18.1%).

Place of birth for U.S.-born residents:

• This state: 8,929
• Northeast: 157
• Midwest: 908
• South: 246
• West: 236

61% of the 49306 zip code residents lived in the same house 5 years ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 65% lived in this county.
   Out of people who lived in different counties, 50% lived in Michigan.

90% of the 49306 zip code residents lived in the same house 1 year ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 64% moved from this county.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 14% moved from different county within same state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 19% moved from different state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 3% moved from abroad.

Private vs. public school enrollment:

Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 204
Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 21 Students in private undergraduate colleges: 31

Companies with federal contracts located in this zip code:

• HURST, INC (5800 SAFETY DRIVE in BELMONT, MI; small business) : $53,377 in 19 contracts from 2001 to 2005

  Contracts for Other Housekeeping Services, Facilities Operations Support Services, Maintenance, Repair or Alteration of Real Property -- Office Buildings by Navy
  Signed by year: 2000: $0; 2001: $2,500; 2002: $14,030; 2003: $11,874; 2004: $17,630; 2005: $7,343; 2006: $0.
  
  Biggest contracts:
  $9,826 with Navy for Other Housekeeping Services. Signed on 2003-03-06. Completion date: 2004-03-31.
  $9,102 with Navy for Facilities Operations Support Services. Signed on 2004-02-24. Completion date: 2003-03-31.
  $8,031 with Navy for Other Housekeeping Services. Signed on 2002-03-29. Completion date: 2003-03-31.
  $5,260 with Navy for Maintenance, Repair or Alteration of Real Property -- Office Buildings. Signed on 2005-05-24. Completion date: 2005-03-31.
  

Top industries in this zip code by the number of employees in 2005:

• Construction: Commercial and Institutional Building Construction (100-249 employees: 1 establishment, 1-4 employees: 1 establishment)
• Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: Skiing Facilities (100-249: 1)
• Construction: Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors (50-99: 1, 20-49: 1, 10-19: 1, 5-9: 4, 1-4: 2)
• Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: Golf Courses and Country Clubs (50-99: 1, 20-49: 1, 1-4: 1)
• Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services: Human Resources and Executive Search Consulting Services (50-99: 1)
• Accommodation and Food Services: Full-Service Restaurants (20-49: 1, 10-19: 2)

2002 - 2018 National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) incidents

According to the data from the years 2002 - 2018 the average number of fire incidents per year is 21. The highest number of fires - 34 took place in 2003, and the least - 12 in 2010. The data has a decreasing trend.
When looking into fire subcategories, the most reports belonged to: Structure Fires (45.9%), and Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires (27.9%).


• Fire incident types reported to NFIRS in Zip Code 49306
• 16645.9%Structure Fires
• 10127.9%Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires
• 8322.9%Outside Fires
• 123.3%Other

See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for zip code 49306, Michigan

Most common first names in zip code 49306 among deceased individuals
Name	Count	Lived (average)
John	45	77.1 years
Robert	40	75.0 years
William	35	75.3 years
Mary	35	79.2 years
Helen	25	80.5 years
Henry	21	82.3 years
Richard	20	71.8 years
Dorothy	19	82.1 years
Charles	19	75.1 years
Donald	19	72.9 years

Most common last names in zip code 49306 among deceased individuals
Last name	Count	Lived (average)
Smith	19	79.7 years
Post	7	81.8 years
Williams	7	75.6 years
Barker	6	69.5 years
Gray	6	77.6 years
Johnson	6	81.7 years
Lee	6	77.5 years
Brown	6	73.3 years
Martin	6	81.3 years
Young	6	76.3 years

Businesses in zip code 49306

• UPS: 2
• YMCA: 1