Fredonia Middle School in Fredonia, NY
(05-08 • Public • Regular School)
City-data.com school rating (using weighted test average as compared to other schools in New York) from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) is 51
- Address
- 425 E MAIN ST
Fredonia, NY 14063
- Telephone
- (716) 679-1581
(make sure to verify first before calling)
- City-data.com school rating
- 51
- Students
- 432
- Classroom Teachers (FTE)
- 38.0
- National School Lunch
Program (NSLP) Status - Yes, participating without using any Provision or the CEO
- Free lunch eligible students
- 126
- Reduced-price lunch
eligible students - 19
- School district
- FREDONIA CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT
- Charter school
- No
- Title I status
- Title I targeted assistance school
- Magnet School Indicator
- No
- Shared Time Indicator
- No
- Adult education offered
- No
Ratings
This school rating compared to other nearby schools ratings:
FREDONIA HIGH SCHOOL (0.0 miles): | 74 |
SCHOOL 5 (3.2 miles): | 61 |
FREDONIA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (0.0 miles): | 54 |
Fredonia Middle School: | 51 |
SCHOOL 4 (2.3 miles): | 46 |
DUNKIRK SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (2.6 miles): | 31 |
SCHOOL 7 (3.3 miles): | 28 |
DUNKIRK MIDDLE SCHOOL (2.7 miles): | 18 |
SCHOOL 3 (2.3 miles): | 16 |
Fredonia Middle School rating compared to average state, county and city schools ratings:
New York: | 50 |
Chautauqua County: | 48 |
Fredonia: | 60 |
Fredonia Middle School: | 51 |
Students & Teachers
Total enrollment:
Enrollment in 2016: 432
Enrollment in 2015: 450
Enrollment in 2014: 476
Enrollment in 2013: 481
Enrollment in 2012: 489
Enrollment in 2011: 471
Enrollment in 2010: 370
Enrollment in 2009: 376
Enrollment in 2008: 370
Enrollment in 2007: 383
Enrollment in 2006: 422
Enrollment in 2005: 456
Enrollment in 2004: 490
Enrollment in 2003: 473
Enrollment in 2002: 469
Enrollment in 2001: 475
Enrollment in 2000: 465
Enrollment in 1999: 481
Enrollment in 2015: 450
Enrollment in 2014: 476
Enrollment in 2013: 481
Enrollment in 2012: 489
Enrollment in 2011: 471
Enrollment in 2010: 370
Enrollment in 2009: 376
Enrollment in 2008: 370
Enrollment in 2007: 383
Enrollment in 2006: 422
Enrollment in 2005: 456
Enrollment in 2004: 490
Enrollment in 2003: 473
Enrollment in 2002: 469
Enrollment in 2001: 475
Enrollment in 2000: 465
Enrollment in 1999: 481
Enrollment by grade, gender and race:
(Note: Details may not add to totals. School year: 2015-2016)
Grade | G05 | G06 | G07 | G08 | UG | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All students | 118 | 92 | 108 | 110 | 4 | 432 |
Female students | 57 | 39 | 46 | 48 | 1 | 191 |
Male students | 61 | 53 | 62 | 62 | 3 | 241 |
American Indian/Alaska Native students | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Asian students | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 4 |
Hispanic students | 10 | 5 | 8 | 13 | - | 36 |
Black students | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | - | 6 |
White students | 102 | 82 | 92 | 96 | 4 | 376 |
Two or More Races students | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | 9 |
Enrollment by grade:
5th grade enrollment: 118
6th grade enrollment: 92
7th grade enrollment: 108
8th grade enrollment: 110
Ungraded enrollment: 4
6th grade enrollment: 92
7th grade enrollment: 108
8th grade enrollment: 110
Ungraded enrollment: 4
Fredonia Middle School - Historical enrollment by grade
Enrollment by gender:
(State average from 6,131 schools)
Female enrollment: 191 (44.2%)
Fredonia Middle School: | 44.2% |
New York: | 51.1% |
Male enrollment: 241 (55.8%)
Fredonia Middle School: | 55.8% |
State: | 47.5% |
Fredonia Middle School - Historical enrollment by gender
Enrollment by race/ethnicity:
(State average from 1,352 schools)
American Indian/Alaska Native enrollment: 1 (0.2%)
School: | 0.2% |
State: | 0.2% |
Asian enrollment: 4 (0.9%)
Fredonia Middle School: | 0.9% |
New York: | 4.6% |
Hispanic enrollment: 36 (8.3%)
School: | 8.3% |
State: | 9.2% |
Black enrollment: 6 (1.4%)
Here: | 1.4% |
State: | 12.0% |
White enrollment: 376 (87.0%)
Fredonia Middle School: | 87.0% |
New York: | 55.1% |
Two or More Races enrollment: 9 (2.1%)
School: | 2.1% |
New York: | 2.9% |
Fredonia Middle School - Historical enrollment by race/ethnicity
Lunch Program Eligibility:
(State average from 4,921 schools)
Free/reduced-price lunch eligible students: 145 (33.6%)
Here: | 33.6% |
New York: | 52.7% |
Free lunch eligible students: 126 (29.2%)
Fredonia Middle School: | 29.2% |
State: | 45.4% |
Reduced-price lunch eligible students: 19 (4.4%)
Fredonia Middle School: | 4.4% |
New York: | 4.8% |
Fredonia Middle School - Lunch Program Eligibility
Average Class Size:
Show data for
Average Class Size:
- Common Branch: 40
- Grade 8 English: 20
- Grade 8 Mathematics: 23
- Grade 8 Science: 22
- Grade 8 Social Studies: 38
Teachers and support:
Show data for
Classroom Teachers (FTE): 38
Number of FTE teachers in their first year of teaching: 4
Number of FTE teachers in their second year of teaching: 1
Number of FTE school counselors: 1
Number of FTE teachers who were absent more than 10 school days during the school years: 14
Number of FTE nurses: 1
Number of FTE psychologists: 1
Student/Teacher Ratio
Number of teachers with Master's Degree plus 30 hours or doctorate: 7
Total number of classes taught: 186
Number of classes taught by teachers without appropriate certification: 1
Number of full-time principals: 1
Number of full-time assistant principals: 1
Number of full-time professional staff other than teachers, principals, and asst principals: 2
Number of FTE teachers in their first year of teaching: 4
Number of FTE teachers in their second year of teaching: 1
Number of FTE school counselors: 1
Number of FTE teachers who were absent more than 10 school days during the school years: 14
Number of FTE nurses: 1
Number of FTE psychologists: 1
Student/Teacher Ratio
Here: | 11.4 |
New York: | 14.0 |
Total number of classes taught: 186
Number of classes taught by teachers without appropriate certification: 1
Number of full-time principals: 1
Number of full-time assistant principals: 1
Number of full-time professional staff other than teachers, principals, and asst principals: 2
Fredonia Middle School - Teachers (FTE) and pupil/teacher ratio
School Expenditures:
Salary Expenditures for Total Personnel Funded with State and Local Funds: $3,570,164
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Teachers: 46 (Salary Expenditures: $3,115,792)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Instructional Aides: 13 (Salary Expenditures: $175,954)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of Support Services Staff: 2 (Salary Expenditures: $73,667)
- Full-time Equivalency Count of School Administration Staff: 2 (Salary Expenditures: $204,751)
Limited English Proficiency:
Show data for
Students Enrolled in LEP Programs: 8 (male: 4, female: 4)
- Hispanic: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- White: 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): 2 (all male)
Students with disabilities:
Show data for
Students with Disabilities (IDEA): Students with intellectual disabilities; hearing impairment, including deafness; speech or language impairment; visual impairment, including blindness; serious emotional disturbance; orthopedic impairment; autism; traumatic brain injury; developmental delay; other health impairment; specific learning disability; deaf-blindness; or multiple disabilities and who, by reason thereof, receive special education and related services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) according to an Individualized Education Program, Individual Family Service Plan, or service plan. The "Students with Disabilities (IDEA)" column in the survey items always refers to students with disabilities who receive special education and related services under IDEA.
Students with Disabilities (Section 504 only): Students with a disability, who receive related aids and services solely under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The "Section 504 only" column in the survey items always refers to students with disabilities who receive related aids and services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under IDEA.
Students with Disabilities (Section 504 only): Students with a disability, who receive related aids and services solely under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The "Section 504 only" column in the survey items always refers to students with disabilities who receive related aids and services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and not under IDEA.
Students with disabilities served under IDEA: 48 (male: 38, female: 10)
Students with disabilities served under Section 504: 24 (male: 16, female: 8)
- Hispanic: 7 (all male)
- White: 41 (male: 31, female: 10)
Students with disabilities served under Section 504: 24 (male: 16, female: 8)
- Hispanic: 2 (all male)
- White: 22 (male: 14, female: 8)
Statewide Student Assessments
Grades 3-8 New York State Testing Program Assessments:
Show data for
(State average from 2,304 schools)
The grades 3-8 English Language Arts (ELA) and mathematics assessments measure the higher learning standards that were adopted by the State Board of Regents in 2010, which more accurately reflect students' progress toward college and career readiness.
5th Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 48
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 285
Students scoring at Level 1: 46%
Students scoring at Level 2: 33%
Students scoring at Level 3: 13%
Students scoring at Level 4: 8%
Math students tested with valid scores: 39
Computed mean of student Math scores: 300
Students scoring at Level 1: 41%
Students scoring at Level 2: 28%
Students scoring at Level 3: 26%
Students scoring at Level 4: 5%
6th Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 54
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 298
Students scoring at Level 1: 26%
Students scoring at Level 2: 46%
Students scoring at Level 3: 17%
Students scoring at Level 4: 11%
Math students tested with valid scores: 46
Computed mean of student Math scores: 315
Students scoring at Level 1: 13%
Students scoring at Level 2: 35%
Students scoring at Level 3: 26%
Students scoring at Level 4: 26%
7th Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 43
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 308
Students scoring at Level 1: 26%
Students scoring at Level 2: 19%
Students scoring at Level 3: 33%
Students scoring at Level 4: 23%
Math students tested with valid scores: 40
Computed mean of student Math scores: 310
Students scoring at Level 1: 28%
Students scoring at Level 2: 25%
Students scoring at Level 3: 33%
Students scoring at Level 4: 15%
8th Grade:
ELA students tested with valid scores: 41
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 302
Students scoring at Level 1: 24%
Students scoring at Level 2: 24%
Students scoring at Level 3: 39%
Students scoring at Level 4: 12%
Math students tested with valid scores: 21
Computed mean of student Math scores: 282
Students scoring at Level 1: 43%
Students scoring at Level 2: 52%
Students scoring at Level 3: 5%
Students scoring at Level 4: 0%
Science students tested with valid scores: 33
Computed mean of student Science scores: 77
Students scoring at Level 1: 3%
Students scoring at Level 2: 15%
Students scoring at Level 3: 45%
Students scoring at Level 4: 36%
- All285
- Males276
- Females293
- White295
- IDEA243
ELA Mean Score (5th Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 285
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 21% |
State: | 35% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 46%
Students scoring at Level 2: 33%
Students scoring at Level 3: 13%
Students scoring at Level 4: 8%
- All300
- Males299
- Females302
- White308
- IDEA275
MATH Mean Score (5th Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 300
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 31% |
State: | 43% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 41%
Students scoring at Level 2: 28%
Students scoring at Level 3: 26%
Students scoring at Level 4: 5%
6th Grade:
- All298
- Males291
- Females304
- White302
ELA Mean Score (6th Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 298
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 28% |
New York: | 30% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 26%
Students scoring at Level 2: 46%
Students scoring at Level 3: 17%
Students scoring at Level 4: 11%
- All315
- Males309
- Females322
- White317
MATH Mean Score (6th Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 315
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 52% |
State: | 38% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 13%
Students scoring at Level 2: 35%
Students scoring at Level 3: 26%
Students scoring at Level 4: 26%
7th Grade:
- All308
- Males299
- Females335
ELA Mean Score (7th Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 308
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 56% |
State: | 39% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 26%
Students scoring at Level 2: 19%
Students scoring at Level 3: 33%
Students scoring at Level 4: 23%
- All310
- Males303
- Females330
MATH Mean Score (7th Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 310
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 48% |
State: | 34% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 28%
Students scoring at Level 2: 25%
Students scoring at Level 3: 33%
Students scoring at Level 4: 15%
8th Grade:
- All302
- Males293
- Females320
ELA Mean Score (8th Grade)
Computed mean of student ELA scores: 302
ELA Students scoring proficient and above: | 51% |
New York: | 43% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 24%
Students scoring at Level 2: 24%
Students scoring at Level 3: 39%
Students scoring at Level 4: 12%
- All282
- Males279
- Females291
MATH Mean Score (8th Grade)
Computed mean of student Math scores: 282
Math Students scoring proficient and above: | 5% |
New York: | 18% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 43%
Students scoring at Level 2: 52%
Students scoring at Level 3: 5%
Students scoring at Level 4: 0%
- All77
- Males76
- Females81
SCI Mean Score (8th Grade)
Computed mean of student Science scores: 77
Science Students scoring proficient and above: | 81% |
New York: | 57% |
Students scoring at Level 1: 3%
Students scoring at Level 2: 15%
Students scoring at Level 3: 45%
Students scoring at Level 4: 36%
Regents Examination:
Show data for
(State average from 2,072 schools)
Regents Examinations are achievement tests that are aligned with New York State's Learning Standards. Prepared by teacher examination committees and Department subject and testing specialists, Regents Examinations provide schools with a basis for evaluating the quality of instruction and learning that have taken place. They are used by school personnel to identify major learning goals, offering both teachers and students a guide to important understandings, skills, and concepts. The examinations also provide students, parents, counselors, administrators, college admissions officers, and employers with objective and easily understood achievement information for use in making sound educational and vocational decisions. Passing scores on the Regents Examinations in English, mathematics, science, and social studies satisfy the State testing requirements for a high school diploma.
Fredonia Middle School - % Scroring 55 and above in Regents Examination
Integrated Algebra (Common Core):
Students tested with valid scores: 19
Number of students tested scoring Level 4 (79-84): 2 (11%)
Number of students tested scoring Level 5 (85-100): 17 (89%)
- All100%
- Males100%
- Females100%
- White100%
Scoring 55 and above
(Integrated Algebra)
Number of students tested scoring Level 4 (79-84): 2 (11%)
Number of students tested scoring Level 5 (85-100): 17 (89%)
Percentage of students scoring 55 and above: | 100% |
State: | 93% |
The New York State English as a Second Language Achievement Test:
Show data for
(State average from 531 schools)
The New York State English as a Second Language Achievement Test (NYSESLAT) is designed to annually assess the English proficiency of all English language learners enrolled in Grades K-12 in New York State schools. The exam gives the State and schools important information about the English language development of English language learners (ELLs), and is part of the State's compliance with federal laws that mandate the annual assessing and tracking of English proficiency of English language learners.
7th Grade:
Students tested with valid scores: 7
Students scoring at Entering Level: 29%
Students scoring at Emerging Level: 29%
Students scoring at Transitioning Level: 14%
Students scoring at Expanding Level: 0%
Students scoring at Commanding Level: 29%
8th Grade:
Students tested with valid scores: 5
Students scoring at Entering Level: 40%
Students scoring at Emerging Level: 0%
Students scoring at Transitioning Level: 0%
Students scoring at Expanding Level: 20%
Students scoring at Commanding Level: 40%
Students tested with valid scores: 7
Scoring at Expanding Level or above: | 29% |
New York: | 53% |
Students scoring at Entering Level: 29%
Students scoring at Emerging Level: 29%
Students scoring at Transitioning Level: 14%
Students scoring at Expanding Level: 0%
Students scoring at Commanding Level: 29%
8th Grade:
Students tested with valid scores: 5
Scoring at Expanding Level or above: | 60% |
New York: | 53% |
Students scoring at Entering Level: 40%
Students scoring at Emerging Level: 0%
Students scoring at Transitioning Level: 0%
Students scoring at Expanding Level: 20%
Students scoring at Commanding Level: 40%
Accountability
Adequate Yearly Progress:
Show data for
(State average from 3,754 schools)
Elementary/Middle-Level Science:
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: No
Met the performance criterion: Yes
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 224
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 33%
Effective Annual Measurable Objective (EAMO): 173
Elementary/Middle-Level Math:
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: No
Met the performance criterion: Yes
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 869
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 39%
Effective Annual Measurable Objective (EAMO): 101
Elementary/Middle-Level ELA:
Made AYP: No
Met the participation criterion: No
Met the performance criterion: Yes
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 868
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 43%
Effective Annual Measurable Objective (EAMO): 103
- All181
- Males172
- Females190
- White185
Elementary/Middle-Level Science - Performance Index (PI)
Met the participation criterion: No
Met the performance criterion: Yes
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 224
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 33%
Performance Index (PI): | 181 |
New York: | 174 |
Elementary/Middle-Level Math:
- All121
- Males109
- Females139
- White130
- IDEA49
Elementary/Middle-Level Math - Performance Index (PI)
Met the participation criterion: No
Met the performance criterion: Yes
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 869
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 39%
Performance Index (PI): | 121 |
New York: | 114 |
Elementary/Middle-Level ELA:
- All108
- Males94
- Females129
- White118
- IDEA34
Elementary/Middle-Level ELA - Performance Index (PI)
Met the participation criterion: No
Met the performance criterion: Yes
Students enrolled during the test administration period: 868
Percent of enrolled students with valid test scores: 43%
Performance Index (PI): | 108 |
State: | 113 |
Health & Safety
Offenses:
(State average from 1,445 schools)
An incident refers to a specific criminal act involving one or more victims and offenders. For example, if two students are robbed without a weapon, at the same time and place, this is classified as two robbery victimizations but only one robbery without a weapon incident
A weapon is any instrument or object used with the intent to threaten, injure, or kill. This includes look-alikes if they are used to threaten others.
Physical attack or fight refers to an actual and intentional touching or striking of another person against his/her will, or the intentional causing of bodily harm to an individual. Physical attack or fight does not include rape.
A weapon is any instrument or object used with the intent to threaten, injure, or kill. This includes look-alikes if they are used to threaten others.
Physical attack or fight refers to an actual and intentional touching or striking of another person against his/her will, or the intentional causing of bodily harm to an individual. Physical attack or fight does not include rape.
At least one incident at this school that involved a shooting: No
Any of this school's students, faculty, or staff died as a result of a homicide committed at this school: No
Incidents of physical attack or fight without a weapon: 1
Total incidents per 1,000 students
Any of this school's students, faculty, or staff died as a result of a homicide committed at this school: No
Incidents of physical attack or fight without a weapon: 1
Total incidents per 1,000 students
Fredonia Middle School: | 2.3 |
New York: | 55.5 |
Referrals and Arrests:
Show data for
(State average from 410 schools)
Referral to law enforcement is an action by which a student is reported to any law enforcement agency or official, including a school police unit, for an incident that occurs on school grounds, during school-related events, or while taking school transportation, regardless of whether official action is taken. Citations, tickets, court referrals, and school-related arrests are considered referrals to law enforcement.
School-related arrest refers to an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official. All school-related arrests are considered referrals to law enforcement.
School-related arrest refers to an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official. All school-related arrests are considered referrals to law enforcement.
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official: 2 (all male)
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official per 1,000 students
- White: 2
Students with disabilities who were referred to a law enforcement agency or official per 1,000 students
School: | 4.6 |
State: | 3.4 |
Chronic Student Absenteeismt:
Show data for
(State average from 3,050 schools)
A chronically absent student is a student who is absent 15 or more school days during the school year. A student is absent if he or she is not physically on school grounds and is not participating in instruction or instruction - related activities at an approved off-grounds location for at least half the school day. Each day that a student is absent for 50 percent or more of the school day should be counted. Any day that a student is absent for less than 50 percent of the school day should not be counted. The number of absences is based on the total number of school days absent. Chronically absent students include students who are absent for any reason(e.g., illness, suspension, the need to care for a family member), regardless of whether absences are excused or unexcused.
- Hispanic7
- Black2
- White28
- LEP2
- IDEA4
- 5042
Chronic Student Absenteeism
- Hispanic: 7 (male: 2, female: 5)
- Black: 2 (all male)
- White: 28 (male: 17, female: 11)
- Limited English Proficiency (LEP): 2 (all female)
- Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): 4 (male: 2, female: 2)
- Section 504: 2 (all male)
Chronic Student Absenteeism per 1,000 students
School: | 85.6 |
New York: | 179.4 |
Suspensions:
Show data for
(State average from 569 schools)
Out-of-school suspension
- For students with disabilities served under IDEA : Out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a child is temporarily removed from his/her regular school for at least half a day for disciplinary purposes to another setting (e.g., home, behavior center).Out-of-school suspensions include both removals in which no individualized family service plan(IFSP) or individualized education plan(IEP) services are provided because the removal is 10 days or less as well as removals in which the child continues to receive services according to his/her IFSP or IEP.
- For students without disabilities and students with disabilities served solely under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act : Out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a child is temporarily removed from his / her regular school for at least half a day(but less than the remainder of the school year) for disciplinary purposes to another setting(e.g., home, behavior center).Out-of-school suspensions include removals in which no educational services are provided, and removals in which educational services are provided(e.g., school-provided at home instruction or tutoring).
Students without disabilities receiving one or more in-school suspension: 5 (all male)
Students with disabilities receiving one or more in-school suspension: 7 (male: 5, female: 2)
- White: 5
Students with disabilities receiving one or more in-school suspension: 7 (male: 5, female: 2)
- White: 7 (male: 5, female: 2)
- Section 504: 2 (all male)
Classes & Courses
Algebra I:
Show data for
(State average from 623 schools)
Algebra I is a (college-preparatory) course that includes the study of properties and operations of the real number system; evaluating rational algebraic expressions; solving and graphing first degree equations and inequalities; translating word problems into equations; operations with and factoring of polynomials; and solving simple quadratic equations. Algebra I is a foundation course leading to higher-level mathematics courses, including Geometry and Algebra II.
8th grade student enrollment in Algebra I: 25 (male: 11, female: 14)
- White: 25 (male: 11, female: 14)
- White: 23 (male: 10, female: 13)
Percent of 8th grade students who passed
Fredonia Middle School: | 92.0% |
New York: | 87.1% |
Discuss Fredonia, New York (NY) on our hugely popular New York forum.
Comments
Review, comment, or add new information about this topic: