22657 Zip Code (Strasburg, VA) Detailed Profile

Estimated zip code population in 2022: 11,498
Zip code population in 2010: 10,956
Zip code population in 2000: 7,991

Houses and condos: 5,135
Renter-occupied apartments: 1,108
March 2022 cost of living index in zip code 22657: 81.5 (low, U.S. average is 100)

Land area: 61.9 sq. mi.
Water area: 0.9 sq. mi.

Population density: 186 people per square mile

(very low).

Real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2022:
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2022: $1,321 (0.5%)
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2022: $1,431 (0.5%)

For population 25 years and over in 22657:

• High school or higher: 90.1%
• Bachelor's degree or higher: 18.6%
• Graduate or professional degree: 8.3%
• Unemployed: 3.0%
• Mean travel time to work (commute): 32.1 minutes

For population 15 years and over in 22657:

• Never married: 32.8%
• Now married: 48.9%
• Separated: 1.7%
• Widowed: 4.8%
• Divorced: 11.8%

• 
• • 9,93286.4%White
  • 4854.2%Hispanic or Latino
  • 4033.5%Two or more races
  • 3743.3%Black
  • 2272.0%Asian
  • 730.6%Some other race
  • 10.01%American Indian

Urban population: 6,113
Rural population: 5,384

Averages for the 2020 tax year for zip code 22657, filed in 2021:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2020: $59,901 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$59,901
State:	$86,446

Salary/wage: $53,959 (reported on 84.8% of returns)

Here:	$53,959
State:	$71,185

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1168.2% for AGIs below $25k, 3537.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 6244.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 9189.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 17028.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 52092.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,233 (reported on 22.8% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,233
Virginia:	$1,805

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 14.4% for AGIs below $25k, 19.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 21.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 37.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 107.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 590.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $3,219 (reported on 15.9% of returns)

Here:	$3,219
State:	$8,327

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 20.2% for AGIs below $25k, 27.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 45.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 109.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 134.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1616.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$14,393 (reported on 12.6% of returns)

Here:	+$14,393
State:	+$24,644

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 6.4% for AGIs below $25k, 17.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 52.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 160.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 573.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 12274.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$11,276 (reported on 13.1% of returns)

Here:	+$11,276
State:	+$12,836

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 117.6% for AGIs below $25k, 109.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 145.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 211.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 502.2% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1888.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $14,312 (reported on 8.4% of returns)

22657:	$14,312
Virginia:	$21,535

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 60.3% for AGIs below $25k, 86.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 168.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 247.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 336.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1836.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Total itemized deductions: $26,449 (reported on 7.2% of returns)

Here:	$26,449
State:	$33,287

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 34.3% for AGIs below $25k, 72.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 213.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 394.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 810.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3956.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $6,497 (reported on 5.4% of returns)

Here:	$6,497
State:	$10,381

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 10.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 37.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 53.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 163.8% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1000.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $6,930 (reported on 7.2% of returns)

22657:	$6,930
State:	$8,284

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 5.2% for AGIs below $25k, 12.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 53.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 105.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 237.8% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1048.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $2,089 (reported on 14.6% of returns)

Here:	$2,089
State:	$2,214

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 79.1% for AGIs below $25k, 60.7% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2020 taxes: 93.8%

Here:	94%
State:	92%

(% for various income ranges: 91.3% for AGIs below $25k, 94.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 94.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 94.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 94.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 100.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2012 tax year for zip code 22657, filed in 2013:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2012: $48,455 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$48,455
State:	$71,192

Salary/wage: $44,441 (reported on 86.0% of returns)

Here:	$44,441
State:	$59,229

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 74.4% for AGIs below $25k, 83.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 79.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 81.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 78.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 58.5% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,188 (reported on 29.9% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,188
Virginia:	$1,600

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.5% for AGIs below $25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 0.3% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $2,295 (reported on 16.3% of returns)

Here:	$2,295
State:	$6,959

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.5% for AGIs below $25k, 0.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 0.3% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$4,125 (reported on 10.3% of returns)

Here:	+$4,125
State:	+$16,672

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$10,556 (reported on 12.8% of returns)

Here:	+$10,556
State:	+$14,116

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.1% for AGIs below $25k, 3.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 3.4% for AGIs $100k-200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $11,789 (reported on 8.9% of returns)

22657:	$11,789
Virginia:	$16,667

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.3% for AGIs below $25k, 1.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 2.5% for AGIs $100k-200k)

Total itemized deductions: $18,891 (23% of AGI, reported on 32.0% of returns)

Here:	$18,891
State:	$26,596

Here:	22.9% of AGI
State:	20.1% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 10.7% for AGIs below $25k, 8.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 13.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 13.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 14.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 12.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $2,849 (reported on 22.9% of returns)

Here:	$2,849
State:	$4,443

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.6% for AGIs below $25k, 0.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.9% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $5,713 (reported on 32.0% of returns)

22657:	$5,713
State:	$9,951

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.3% for AGIs below $25k, 1.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 3.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 4.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 5.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 6.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $2,052 (reported on 18.4% of returns)

Here:	$2,052
State:	$2,211

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 6.1% for AGIs below $25k, 1.1% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2012 taxes: 50.1%

Here:	50%
State:	46%

(% for various income ranges: 48.4% for AGIs below $25k, 48.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 54.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 51.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 51.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 60.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2004 tax year for zip code 22657, filed in 2005:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2004: $41,821 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$41,821
State:	$56,704

Salary/wage: $37,760 (reported on 87.6% of returns)

Here:	$37,760
State:	$48,441

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 102.4% for AGIs below $10k, 77.6% for AGIs $10k-25k, 85.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 85.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 83.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 60.0% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,414 (reported on 39.0% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,414
Virginia:	$1,688

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 4.5% for AGIs below $10k, 2.9% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.3% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable dividends: $1,796 (reported on 19.8% of returns)

Here:	$1,796
State:	$4,028

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.5% for AGIs below $10k, 1.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.1% for AGIs over 100k)

Net capital gain/loss: +$10,232 (reported on 13.4% of returns)

Here:	+$10,232
State:	+$14,375

(% of AGI for various income ranges: -0.8% for AGIs below $10k, 0.4% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 10.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Profit/loss from business: +$11,308 (reported on 13.5% of returns)

Here:	+$11,308
State:	+$13,342

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.7% for AGIs below $10k, 3.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 3.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 6.4% for AGIs over 100k)

IRA payment deduction: $3,213 (reported on 2.7% of returns)

22657:	$3,213
Virginia:	$2,943

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.4% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.2% for AGIs over 100k)

Self-employed pension: $9,923 (reported on 0.3% of returns)

Here:	$9,923
Virginia:	$17,430

Total itemized deductions: $15,489 (22% of AGI, reported on 31.4% of returns)

Here:	$15,489
State:	$21,492

Here:	22.0% of AGI
State:	21.0% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 12.8% for AGIs below $10k, 8.0% for AGIs $10k-25k, 10.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 12.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 14.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 12.1% for AGIs over 100k)

Charity contributions deductions: $2,406 (3% of AGI, reported on 25.3% of returns)

Here:	$2,406
State:	$3,794

Here:	3.3% of AGI
State:	3.5% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.5% for AGIs below $10k, 0.9% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 2.0% for AGIs over 100k)

Total tax: $5,318 (reported on 78.2% of returns)

22657:	$5,318
State:	$9,537

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.2% for AGIs below $10k, 4.2% for AGIs $10k-25k, 7.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 8.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 10.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 17.5% for AGIs over 100k)

Earned income credit: $1,654 (reported on 13.7% of returns)

Here:	$1,654
State:	$1,734

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2004 taxes: 58.1%

Here:	58%
State:	52%

(% for various income ranges: 48.0% for AGIs below $10k, 58.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 58.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 62.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 61.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 65.7% for AGIs over 100k)

Nearest zip codes: 22660, 22641, 22645, 22644, 26823, 22602.
No gay or lesbian households reported

Household received Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 531
Household did not receive Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 4,126

Women who had a birth in the past 12 months: 151 (74 now married, 73 unmarried)
Women who did not have a birth in the past 12 months: 2,637 (947 now married, 1,697 unmarried)

Housing units in zip code 22657 with a mortgage: 2,412 (347 second mortgage, 162 both second mortgage and home equity loan)
Houses without a mortgage: 73

Median monthly owner costs for units with a mortgage: $1,388
Median monthly owner costs for units without a mortgage: $457

Residents with income below the poverty level in 2022:
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2022:

• Zip code 22657 household income distribution in 2022

• 191Less than $10,000
• 239$10,000 to $14,999
• 161$15,000 to $19,999
• 173$20,000 to $24,999
• 197$25,000 to $29,999
• 153$30,000 to $34,999
• 155$35,000 to $39,999
• 373$40,000 to $44,999
• 176$45,000 to $49,999
• 574$50,000 to $59,999
• 397$60,000 to $74,999
• 736$75,000 to $99,999
• 365$100,000 to $124,999
• 381$125,000 to $149,999
• 272$150,000 to $199,999
• 102$200,000 or more

• Estimate of home value of owner-occupied houses/condos in 2022 in zip code 22657

• 7Less than $10,000
• 10$10,000 to $14,999
• 39$15,000 to $19,999
• 4$25,000 to $29,999
• 17$60,000 to $69,999
• 36$80,000 to $89,999
• 8$90,000 to $99,999
• 69$100,000 to $124,999
• 283$125,000 to $149,999
• 195$150,000 to $174,999
• 266$175,000 to $199,999
• 492$200,000 to $249,999
• 557$250,000 to $299,999
• 829$300,000 to $399,999
• 238$400,000 to $499,999
• 209$500,000 to $749,999
• 7$750,000 to $999,999
• 13$1,000,000 to $1,499,999

• Rent paid by renters in 2022 in zip code 22657

• 40$150 to $199
• 27$250 to $299
• 12$300 to $349
• 52$450 to $499
• 21$500 to $549
• 46$550 to $599
• 48$600 to $649
• 31$650 to $699
• 48$700 to $749
• 32$750 to $799
• 245$800 to $899
• 132$900 to $999
• 152$1,000 to $1,249
• 62$1,250 to $1,499
• 94$1,500 to $1,999
• 20No cash rent

Median gross rent in 2022: $967.

Median price asked for vacant for-sale houses and condos in 2022: $256,974.

Estimated median house (or condo) value in 2022 for:

• White Non-Hispanic householders: $267,437
• Black or African American householders: $280,961
• Asian householders: $310,492

Estimated median house or condo value in 2022: $271,854 Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $193,770 - $369,421

Mean price in 2022:

Detached houses: $298,219

Here:	$298,219
State:	$472,865

Townhouses or other attached units: $242,308

Here:	$242,308
State:	$457,437

In 5-or-more-unit structures: $138,229

Here:	$138,229
State:	$382,551

Mobile homes: $69,133

Here:	$69,133
State:	$100,736

Housing units in structures:

• One, detached: 3,463
• One, attached: 604
• Two: 54
• 3 or 4: 171
• 5 to 9: 150
• 10 to 19: 452
• 20 to 49: 28
• 50 or more: 104
• Mobile homes: 85

Unemployment: 3.0%

• Means of transportation to work in zip code 22657

• 71.7%3,952Drove a car alone
• 12.5%688Carpooled
• 0.2%10Bus or trolley bus
• 0.2%13Ferryboat
• 0.2%13Motorcycle
• 2.5%140Walked
• 1.4%77Other means
• 10.0%552Worked at home

• Travel time to work (commute) in zip code 22657

• 86Less than 5 minutes
• 3985 to 9 minutes
• 41310 to 14 minutes
• 82415 to 19 minutes
• 54620 to 24 minutes
• 64525 to 29 minutes
• 64230 to 34 minutes
• 10735 to 39 minutes
• 7940 to 44 minutes
• 16245 to 59 minutes
• 48360 to 89 minutes
• 44790 or more minutes

Percentage of zip code residents living and working in this county: 45.3%

Household type by relationship:

Households: 11,498

• Male householders: 2,309 (673 living alone), Female householders: 2,336 (645 living alone)

• 2,083 spouses (2,069 opposite-sex spouses), 518 unmarried partners, (434 opposite-sex unmarried partners), 3,579 children (3,260 natural, 111 adopted, 203 stepchildren), 162 grandchildren, 37 brothers or sisters, 163 parents, 0 foster children, 179 other relatives, 173 non-relatives

• In group quarters: 3 (-1 institutionalized population)

Size of family households: 1,281 2-persons, 732 3-persons, 607 4-persons, 258 5-persons, 145 6-persons, 37 7-or-more-persons

Size of nonfamily households: 1,317 1-person, 240 2-persons, 22 3-persons

1,518 married couples with children.
1,165 single-parent households (198 men, 967 women).

91.8% of residents of 22657 zip code speak English at home.
5.3% of residents speak Spanish at home (98% very well, 2% well).
1.6% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (92% very well, 8% well).
0.8% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (82% very well, 18% well).
0.2% of residents speak other language at home (100% very well).

Facilities with environmental interests located in this zip code:

• AGMARK INTERMODAL SYSTEMS INC (133 POWHATAN RD in STRASBURG, VA)

  AIR SYNTHETIC MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
  STATE MASTER (Virginia pollutants databases) - CEDS-81275, AIR PROGRAM
  CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT INVENTORY (Inventory of air pollution sources)
  Business SIC classification: GRAIN AND FIELD BEANS
  Business NAICS classification: GRAIN AND FIELD BEAN MERCHANT WHOLESALERS.
  

• CARPERS WOOD CREATIONS INC (407 AILEEN AVENUE in STRASBURG, VA)

  AIR SYNTHETIC MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
  STATE MASTER (Virginia pollutants databases) - CEDS-80094, AIR PROGRAM
  CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT INVENTORY (Inventory of air pollution sources)
  Business SIC classification: MEN'S AND BOYS' CLOTHING; WOOD HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE, EXCEPT UPHOLSTERED
  Business NAICS classification: MEN'S AND BOYS' CUT AND SEW OTHER OUTERWEAR MANUFACTURING.
  

• CHEMSTONE CORP - STRASBURG (RT 638 in STRASBURG, VA)

  (Integrated Compliance Information System) - ICIS-03-1981-0269, FORMAL ENFORCEMENT ACTION
  (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  Organizations: CHEMSTONE CORPORATION (CONTACT/OPERATOR)
  

• CEDAR VALLEY (ROUTE 1 in STRASBURG, VA)

  National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NON-MAJOR (Tracking pollutant discharge elimination systems) - permit
  Business SIC classification: GENERAL CONTRACTORS-SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSES
  

Housing units lacking complete plumbing facilities: 1.7%
Housing units lacking complete kitchen facilities: 1.5%

Population in 1990: 5,756. Population change in the 1990s: +2,235 (+38.8%).

Place of birth for U.S.-born residents:

• This state: 7,023
• Northeast: 942
• Midwest: 397
• South: 1,982
• West: 303

59% of the 22657 zip code residents lived in the same house 5 years ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 53% lived in this county.
   Out of people who lived in different counties, 50% lived in Virginia.

91% of the 22657 zip code residents lived in the same house 1 year ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 53% moved from this county.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 29% moved from different county within same state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 11% moved from different state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 5% moved from abroad.

Private vs. public school enrollment:

Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 303
Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 23 Students in private undergraduate colleges: 163

Top industries in this zip code by the number of employees in 2005:

• Finance and Insurance: Commercial Banking (100-249 employees: 1 establishment, 5-9 employees: 1 establishment)
• Information: Newspaper Publishers (100-249: 1)
• Accommodation and Food Services: Hotels (except Casino Hotels) and Motels (50-99: 1, 10-19: 1, 1-4: 3)
• Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services: Temporary Help Services (50-99: 1)

Detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: 0203.00


Detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: 0203.00

2003 - 2018 National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) incidents

According to the data from the years 2003 - 2018 the average number of fire incidents per year is 49. The highest number of reported fires - 80 took place in 2009, and the least - 8 in 2003. The data has a growing trend.
When looking into fire subcategories, the most reports belonged to: Structure Fires (55.0%), and Outside Fires (25.9%).


• Fire incident types reported to NFIRS in Zip Code 22657
• 43155.0%Structure Fires
• 20325.9%Outside Fires
• 9211.7%Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires
• 577.3%Other

See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for zip code 22657, Virginia

Most common first names in zip code 22657 among deceased individuals
Name	Count	Lived (average)
Mary	76	79.6 years
James	68	71.6 years
William	68	75.5 years
John	67	74.3 years
Charles	66	74.7 years
Robert	51	73.2 years
George	34	74.4 years
Harry	32	76.2 years
Virginia	28	79.3 years
Anna	25	74.5 years

Most common last names in zip code 22657 among deceased individuals
Last name	Count	Lived (average)
Miller	58	77.7 years
Stickley	28	75.7 years
Hockman	27	77.2 years
Orndorff	27	77.2 years
Williams	25	77.8 years
Smith	25	76.6 years
Keller	22	80.8 years
Beeler	21	84.7 years
Bly	21	79.0 years
Jenkins	20	76.1 years

Businesses in zip code 22657
Name	Count		Name	Count
7-Eleven	2		McDonald's	1
Arby's	1		RadioShack	1
Burger King	1		Ramada	1
Dennys	1		Rite Aid	1
FedEx	1		Sprint Nextel	1
GNC	1		Subway	1
H&R Block	1		U-Haul	1
Marriott	1		UPS	1